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Related Concept Videos

Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus
10:39

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

Published on: March 10, 2017

Examining ancient inter-domain horizontal gene transfer.

Francisca C Almeida1, Magdalena Leszczyniecka, Paul B Fisher

  • 1Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA. falmeida@amnh.org

Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online
|February 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Detecting ancient interdomain horizontal gene transfer (IDHGT) is challenging due to gene divergence. This study identified limited IDHGT events, suggesting they were rare and specific, primarily in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Keywords:
blasteschericia colihorizontal gene transfernode height test

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Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli
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High-Resolution Comparison of Bacterial Conjugation Frequencies
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High-Resolution Comparison of Bacterial Conjugation Frequencies

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus
10:39

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

Published on: March 10, 2017

Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli
06:56

Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli

Published on: March 24, 2023

High-Resolution Comparison of Bacterial Conjugation Frequencies
05:18

High-Resolution Comparison of Bacterial Conjugation Frequencies

Published on: January 10, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Genomic changes in early Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria ancestors are poorly understood.
  • Detecting ancient interdomain horizontal gene transfer (IDHGT) is difficult due to extreme gene divergence and limited evidence.
  • The prevalence of early IDHGT may obscure evolutionary divergence patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ancient interdomain horizontal gene transfer (IDHGT) events.
  • To identify genes shared exclusively between specific domains (Bacteria-Archaea, Bacteria-Eukarya).
  • To assess the robustness of IDHGT inferences using a novel statistical test.

Main Methods:

  • Mining the E. coli genome for genes with high similarity to paralogs.
  • Identifying genes exclusively present in Bacteria and Archaea (95 genes) and Bacteria and Eukarya (86 genes).
  • Applying the node height test to statistically validate inferred ancient IDHGT events.

Main Results:

  • Limited evidence for ancient IDHGT was found, suggesting it was restricted to specific cases.
  • Three genes (DXPS, aldolase II, deaminase) showed evidence for Bacteria + Eukarya IDHGT.
  • Three genes (siderophore system, ferrous iron transporter, dipeptide transporter) showed evidence for Bacteria + Archaea IDHGT.

Conclusions:

  • Ancient interdomain horizontal gene transfer appears to be a rare phenomenon.
  • IDHGT is primarily associated with symbiosis in eukaryotes and specific adaptations in prokaryotes.
  • Methodological limitations and gene sequence saturation make robust IDHGT estimation challenging.