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Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Isolation of CD4⁺ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Idiopathic CD4+ T-cell lymphocytopenia.

Aparna Mukherjee¹, Rakesh Lodha, S K Kabra

¹Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics

|February 12, 2009

Summary

Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare immune disorder causing low CD4+ T cells and opportunistic infections. This report details two ICL cases with opportunistic infections, highlighting the condition

Area of Science:

Immunology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare immune deficiency characterized by a significant reduction in CD4+ T cells.
This condition predisposes individuals to severe opportunistic infections due to impaired cellular immunity.

Observation:

Two cases of ICL are presented, both exhibiting a low CD4+ T cell count or percentage.
Patients presented with a range of opportunistic infections, including candidiasis, cytomegalovirus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Findings:

The presented cases underscore the diagnostic challenge and clinical severity associated with ICL.
The opportunistic infections observed are consistent with profound cellular immune deficiency.

Implications:

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Early recognition and diagnosis of ICL are crucial for timely management and prevention of life-threatening infections.

Further research into the pathogenesis and treatment of ICL is warranted to improve patient outcomes.