Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.

Polar Coordinates: Problem Solving

Polar Coordinates: Problem Solving

Directional radiation patterns are central to antenna analysis, as they illustrate how signal strength varies with direction. These patterns are often modeled using polar plots, where the radial distance from the origin represents signal intensity at a given angle. A commonly used idealized form is the four-lobed rose curve, which captures the concept of directional beams in a simplified mathematical form.The four-lobed rose curve, described by r = cos⁡(2θ), features four symmetric lobes, each...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Relationships between diffusion tensor parameters and measures of skeletal muscle fiber size and strength after anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Magnetic resonance imaging·2025

Same author

Alterations in whole muscle quality and physiological cross-sectional area measured with quantitative MRI following ACL injury.

Journal of translational medicine·2025

Same author

The Efficacy of Blood Flow Restriction Training to Improve Quadriceps Muscle Function after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Medicine and science in sports and exercise·2024

Same author

Association of vastus lateralis diffusion properties with in vivo quadriceps contractile function in premenopausal women.

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2022

Same author

Multilevel Approach to Support Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Radiology.

Academic radiology·2022

Same author

T1ρ imaging as a non-invasive assessment of collagen remodelling and organization in human skeletal muscle after ligamentous injury.

The Journal of physiology·2021

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

Published on: July 30, 2020

Calculating T2 in images from a phased array receiver.

Peter A Hardy¹, Anders H Andersen

¹Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0098, USA. PeterHardy@mri.uky.edu

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

|February 14, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Signal distortion in phased array coil MRI can bias T(2) measurements, especially at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Maximum likelihood estimation offers the most accurate T(2) parameter estimation in these challenging conditions.

More Related Videos

Measurement of Tumor T2* Relaxation Times after Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Administration

Measurement of Tumor T2* Relaxation Times after Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Administration

Published on: May 19, 2023

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

Published on: February 1, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

Published on: July 30, 2020

Measurement of Tumor T2* Relaxation Times after Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Administration

Measurement of Tumor T2* Relaxation Times after Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Administration

Published on: May 19, 2023

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

Published on: February 1, 2016

Area of Science:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Biomedical Engineering
Medical Physics

Background:

Multielement phased array coils are crucial for advanced MRI.
Image reconstruction methods can introduce signal and noise distributions.
This distortion impacts quantitative MRI parameter estimation, particularly T(2) and T(2)*.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate signal distortion in phased array coil MRI.
To evaluate its impact on T(2) and T(2)* measurements.
To compare different T(2) calculation techniques under these conditions.

Main Methods:

Demonstration of signal distortion effects.
Assessment of distortion dependence on image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and coil element number.
Evaluation of four T(2) calculation methods: log transform, least squares, lookup table correction, and maximum likelihood (ML) estimation.

Main Results:

Signal distortion is inherent in images reconstructed using the square root of the sum of squares method.
Distortion is more pronounced at longer echo times and lower SNRs.
Maximum likelihood estimation demonstrated superior accuracy for T(2) calculation compared to other methods.

Conclusions:

Signal distortion in phased array coil MRI leads to biased T(2) and T(2)* estimates.
The accuracy of T(2) estimation is significantly influenced by SNR and coil configuration.
Maximum likelihood estimation is the most robust method for accurate T(2) quantification in the presence of phased array coil artifacts.