Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management01:30

Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

The diagnosis and management of asthma are comprehensive, encompassing clinical assessments, lung function tests, and pharmacological interventions. Here's an overview:
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
This is the first step in diagnosing and managing asthma. It includes:
Drug Classes and Categories01:25

Drug Classes and Categories

Drugs can be classified according to their chemical composition or their intended therapeutic application. For instance, anti-infective agents that possess the ability to eliminate pathogens or suppress their growth and reproduction can be grouped based on the organisms they target or their chemical structure. Furthermore, drugs can be divided into prescription, nonprescription, or controlled substances. Prescription medications, such as antibiotics, require oversight from a licensed healthcare...
Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Distinguishing variability in hoarding symptom course across time.

BMC psychiatry·2026
Same author

Opioid and α<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors interaction on the lethality, antinociception, antinociceptive tolerance, and precipitated withdrawal in mice treated with fentanyl and xylazine.

Drug and alcohol dependence·2026
Same author

A Practical Framework for Wastewater-Based Monitoring of Substance Use in Public Health Settings.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2026
Same author

Surveillance of emerging drug trends: utilizing the National Drug Early Warning System.

Current opinion in psychiatry·2026
Same author

Antidepressant-like effect of hydroxytyrosol in a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium model of Parkinson's disease in rats.

Neurochemical research·2026
Same author

Repeated fentanyl administration impairs spatial memory, synaptic plasticity, and induces neuroinflammation in the dorsal hippocampus of rats.

Neuropharmacology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
07:28

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Published on: April 6, 2017

Classification of abused inhalants.

Robert L Balster1, Silvia L Cruz, Matthew O Howard

  • 1Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0310, USA. balster@vcu.edu

Addiction (Abingdon, England)
|February 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Classifying abused inhalants by product type is not scientifically useful. Future research should focus on chemical and pharmacological similarities and patterns of abuse for better understanding of inhalant abuse.

More Related Videos

Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface
10:10

Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface

Published on: February 23, 2020

Development of a Nose-only Inhalation Toxicity Test Chamber That Provides Four Exposure Concentrations of Nano-sized Particles
05:07

Development of a Nose-only Inhalation Toxicity Test Chamber That Provides Four Exposure Concentrations of Nano-sized Particles

Published on: March 18, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
07:28

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Published on: April 6, 2017

Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface
10:10

Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface

Published on: February 23, 2020

Development of a Nose-only Inhalation Toxicity Test Chamber That Provides Four Exposure Concentrations of Nano-sized Particles
05:07

Development of a Nose-only Inhalation Toxicity Test Chamber That Provides Four Exposure Concentrations of Nano-sized Particles

Published on: March 18, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hundreds of household and industrial products are readily volatilized and subject to inhalant abuse.
  • Current research on inhalant abuse is hindered by a lack of consensus on classification methods.
  • Existing classification approaches lack scientific utility for understanding abuse patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of various inhalant classification approaches.
  • To propose a more scientifically robust method for subclassifying abused inhalants.
  • To identify key areas for future research in inhalant abuse.

Main Methods:

  • Review and critical analysis of existing classification strategies for abused inhalants.
  • Discussion of the limitations of form, product type, and intended use in classification.
  • Exploration of chemical structure and pharmacological properties as potential classification bases.

Main Results:

  • Classification of inhalants based on form or product type is not scientifically useful.
  • A combination of chemical and pharmacological similarity, along with shared abuse patterns, is proposed for subclassification.
  • Detailed information on individual products, chemicals, usage patterns, and geographical distribution is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Current methods for classifying abused inhalants are inadequate for scientific research.
  • A new classification framework based on chemical and pharmacological properties is recommended.
  • Further research is needed to gather comprehensive data on inhalant products and their abuse patterns.