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Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Encoding modality and spatial memory retrieval.

Michael Tlauka1, C Richard Clark, Ping Liu

  • 1School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. Michael.tlauka@flinders.edu.au

Brain and Cognition
|February 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain activity during spatial memory tasks differs based on how information is learned (reading vs. touch). However, behavioral performance remained consistent across different learning methods.

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Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

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06:17

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise

Published on: January 26, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience of Memory
  • Spatial Cognition

Background:

  • Spatial memory is crucial for navigation and understanding environments.
  • Different sensory modalities (linguistic, tactile) may influence spatial memory encoding and retrieval.
  • Understanding the neural basis of spatial memory processing is key to cognitive science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal dynamics of brain electrical activity during spatial memory formation using linguistic and tactile information.
  • To compare neural processing differences and behavioral outcomes between distinct spatial memory encoding modalities.
  • To develop a model explaining spatial memory retrieval based on encoding experiences.

Main Methods:

  • Participants learned a map via text description, tactile exploration, or a combination of both.
  • Event-related brain electrical activity was recorded during the processing of spatial memories.
  • A spatial orientation task assessed participants' ability to utilize learned spatial knowledge.
  • Behavioral performance data were analyzed to identify differences between encoding groups.

Main Results:

  • Differential patterns of brain electrical activity were observed at early, preconscious processing stages, varying with encoding modality.
  • No significant differences in behavioral performance were found between participants who learned the map through different sensory inputs.
  • Early neural processing, not behavioral outcomes, distinguished between linguistic and tactile spatial memory encoding.

Conclusions:

  • The modality of spatial information encoding influences early neural processing stages, even before conscious awareness.
  • Behavioral performance in spatial tasks may not directly reflect these early, modality-specific neural differences.
  • A novel model of spatial memory retrieval is proposed to reconcile the observed neural and behavioral findings.