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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Quantification of Efferocytosis by Single-cell Fluorescence Microscopy
06:15

Quantification of Efferocytosis by Single-cell Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: August 18, 2018

Autophagic cell death.

Michael J Lenardo1, Christina K McPhee, Li Yu

  • 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Methods in Enzymology
|February 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This chapter details methods for studying autophagic cell death, exploring autophagy

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Autophagy is primarily recognized as a cell survival mechanism during starvation.
  • The specific role of autophagy in programmed cell death has been a long-standing debate in the scientific community.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline methodologies for investigating the complex relationship between autophagy and cell death.
  • To provide a comprehensive guide for researchers studying autophagic cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Quantifying cell death using cell viability assays.
  • Measuring key cellular processes including caspase activation and autophagy.
  • Employing genetic and chemical perturbations to modulate autophagy.

Main Results:

  • Recent molecular studies provide direct evidence for autophagy's contribution to cell death in specific scenarios.
  • The presented methods allow for the systematic investigation of autophagy's role in cell demise.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy can function in cell death pathways, contrary to its established survival role.
  • The discussed experimental approaches are crucial for elucidating the dual role of autophagy in cellular fate.