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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During Reactive Hyperemia for the Assessment of Lower Limb Vascular Function
04:44

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During Reactive Hyperemia for the Assessment of Lower Limb Vascular Function

Published on: March 22, 2024

Vasoreactivity and peri-infarct hyperintensities in stroke.

P Zhao1, D C Alsop, A Abduljalil

  • 1Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Neurology
|February 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Impaired cerebral vasoreactivity after ischemic stroke affects blood flow augmentation and reduction. This reduced CO2 vasoreactivity (CO2 VR) is linked to worse outcomes and peri-infarct T2 hyperintensities.

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Measuring Post-Stroke Cerebral Edema, Infarct Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Set of Rodent Brain Samples
04:32

Measuring Post-Stroke Cerebral Edema, Infarct Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Set of Rodent Brain Samples

Published on: October 23, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Vascular Neurology

Background:

  • Cerebral vasoreactivity (CO2 VR) impairment post-ischemic stroke is not well understood.
  • The impact of impaired CO2 VR on surrounding brain regions and clinical outcomes remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate regional differences in CO2 VR after large artery ischemic stroke.
  • To examine the relationship between CO2 VR, peri-infarct T2 hyperintensities (PIHs), infarct volume, and clinical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • 39 chronic stroke patients and 48 controls underwent 3-Tesla MRI.
  • Anatomic and 3D-continuous arterial spin labeling MRI measured regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CO2 VR under varying CO2 levels.

Main Results:

  • Stroke patients exhibited blunted blood flow augmentation with increased CO2 and exaggerated reduction with decreased CO2 compared to controls.
  • Altered CO2 VR was observed both ipsilateral and contralateral to the stroke.
  • Lower ipsilesional CO2 VR correlated with PIHs, larger infarct volume, and poorer outcomes. PIH cases showed globally lower CBF.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with large artery ischemic infarcts show inadequate perfusion augmentation but preserved vasoconstriction.
  • Peri-infarct T2 hyperintensities are associated with reduced cerebral blood flow.
  • Future strategies should focus on preserving vasoreactivity to improve long-term stroke outcomes.