Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
Succinylcholine is the most commonly used depolarizing blocker. Chemically, it constitutes two molecules of acetylcholine joined together by an acetate methyl group. They act on the receptors in the same way as acetylcholine. Because succinylcholine...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Development of a Core Outcome Domain Set for Facial Aging.

JAMA dermatology·2026
Same author

Patient-Reported Outcomes for Glabellar Line Improvement and Satisfaction With the RelabotulinumtoxinA Ready-to-Use Liquid Formulation: Data From the Phase 3 READY-1 Trial.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2025
Same author

Canada HARMONY Study: Improvements in Patient Satisfaction With Facial Appearance and Psychological Impact of Combined Aesthetic Treatment.

Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum·2025
Same author

Management and Prevention of Neuromodulator Complications.

Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD·2025
Same author

NivobotulinumtoxinA in the Treatment of Glabellar Lines With or Without Concurrent Treatment of Lateral Canthal Lines in Two Phase 3 Clinical Trials.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2024
Same author

Efficacy and Safety of RelabotulinumtoxinA, a New Ready-to-Use Liquid Formulation Botulinum Toxin: Results From the READY-1 Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial in Glabellar Lines.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2024
Same journal

Circulating Tumor DNA as a Biomarker for Melanoma Prognosis and Therapy.

American journal of clinical dermatology·2026
Same journal

Defining the Potential for Disease Modification in Atopic Dermatitis.

American journal of clinical dermatology·2026
Same journal

Atopic Dermatitis: New Targets and Emerging Systemic Therapies.

American journal of clinical dermatology·2026
Same journal

Rethinking Head and Neck Atopic Dermatitis: Pathogenic Axes and Emerging Therapeutic Directions.

American journal of clinical dermatology·2026
Same journal

Correction: Integrated Safety Analysis of Ritlecitinib, an Oral JAK3/TEC Family Kinase Inhibitor, for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata from the ALLEGRO Clinical Trial Program.

American journal of clinical dermatology·2026
Same journal

A Systematic Review of the Clinical Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

American journal of clinical dermatology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

Botulinum toxin for hyperhidrosis: a review.

Alexander Grunfeld1, Christian A Murray, Nowell Solish

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
|February 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injections offer a promising, safe alternative for treating excessive sweating (primary focal hyperhidrosis) when other methods fail. This treatment effectively reduces sweating with minimal adverse effects.

More Related Videos

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Primary focal hyperhidrosis is a common condition causing excessive sweating.
  • It leads to significant physical, psychosocial, and occupational challenges.
  • Existing treatments have limitations due to side effects and complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of primary focal hyperhidrosis.
  • To emphasize recent evidence on botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injections.
  • To evaluate BTX-A as a potential alternative to invasive treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on primary focal hyperhidrosis.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for various therapeutic strategies.
  • Focus on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A injections.

Main Results:

  • Botulinum toxin type A injections effectively reduce focal sweating in affected areas.
  • BTX-A demonstrates a favorable safety profile with few major adverse effects.
  • This treatment shows promise as a successor to topical agents.

Conclusions:

  • Botulinum toxin type A injections are a viable and effective treatment for primary focal hyperhidrosis.
  • BTX-A offers a safer alternative to surgical interventions.
  • Further research supports BTX-A for patients unresponsive to conventional therapies.