Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Managing the adolescent athlete with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Pediatric clinics of North America·2010

Same author

Office management of the adolescent with diabetes mellitus.

Primary care·2006

Same journal

GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CAUSES OF OBESITY.

Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews·2018

Same journal

Treating Youth Violence in Hospital and Emergency Department Settings.

Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews·2018

Same journal

Building an Evidence-Based Multi-Tiered System of Supports for Violence Prevention in the Health Care Setting.

Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews·2018

Same journal

Addressing Firearm Violence in the Primary Health Care Setting.

Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews·2018

Same journal

Promoting Resilience in Youth Who Are Violence-Involved.

Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews·2018

Same journal

Substance Use and Violence: Co-Occurrence and Strategies for Intervention.

Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews·2018

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Lepr^db Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Published on: May 11, 2015

Type 2 diabetes.

Martin B Draznin¹

¹Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, B240 Life Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA. draznin@kcms.msu.edu

Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews

|February 21, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes is rising in adolescents, leading to earlier complications. This article helps differentiate diabetes types at diagnosis and outlines lifestyle and pharmaceutical treatments.

More Related Videos

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Published on: November 29, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Lepr^db Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Published on: May 11, 2015

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Published on: November 29, 2024

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Pediatrics
Metabolic Disorders

Background:

Adolescent type 2 diabetes prevalence is increasing.
Early-onset complications are a concern compared to adult-onset diabetes.
Differentiating diabetes types in adolescents can be challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide guidance on differentiating diabetes types in adolescents.
To discuss diagnostic considerations for adolescent diabetes.
To outline treatment strategies for adolescent type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

Review of diagnostic criteria for diabetes in adolescents.
Discussion of clinical presentation distinguishing diabetes types.
Overview of current treatment guidelines.

Main Results:

Key factors for differentiating type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adolescents are presented.
Emphasis on lifestyle modifications as primary treatment.
Consideration of pharmaceutical interventions is included.

Conclusions:

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management of adolescent diabetes.
Lifestyle changes are fundamental for treating adolescent type 2 diabetes.
Pharmacological options should be considered as adjuncts to lifestyle interventions.