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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
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Published on: June 13, 2019

Women and the vision thing.

Herminia Ibarra1, Otilia Obodaru

  • 1Insead, Fontainebleau, France. herminia.ibarra@insead.edu

Harvard Business Review
|February 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Women leaders are not rated lower due to gender bias, but may lack in visionary skills. Research suggests this deficit is learned and can be overcome with development in strategic foresight and communication.

Area of Science:

  • Organizational Behavior
  • Leadership Studies
  • Gender Studies

Background:

  • Lingering gender bias is often cited as a reason for women's lower ratings in leadership evaluations.
  • An analysis of thousands of 360-degree assessments from executive education programs challenges this assumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the perceived deficit in visionary leadership among women.
  • To determine if this deficit is a reality or a matter of perception.
  • To explore potential explanations for this leadership gap.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of thousands of 360-degree assessments from executive education programs.
  • Interviews with female executives.
  • Qualitative study of evaluation data.

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Main Results:

  • Women leaders generally outperform men in most leadership areas.
  • A notable exception is in "vision," where women tend to score lower.
  • Possible explanations include different approaches to future-shaping, perceived lack of license for bold assertions, or a strategic choice to de-emphasize self-promotion of vision.

Conclusions:

  • The perceived leadership gap in vision is not necessarily due to gender bias but potentially to differing leadership styles and perceptions.
  • Visionary leadership is a learned skill, not an innate trait.
  • Developing and promoting women's visionary capabilities can remove barriers to advancement.