Transgenes and transgressions: scientific dissent as heterogeneous practice

Area of Science:

• Science and Technology Studies (STS)
• Sociology of Science
• Genetics and Biotechnology

Background:

• Scientific controversy is widely studied, yet a coherent theory of scientific dissent remains elusive.
• Existing scholarship often overlooks the heterogeneous practices underlying scientific dissent.
• Understanding dissent requires examining the interplay between challenging knowledge claims and efforts to discredit them.

Observation:

• The paper introduces a processual model of scientific dissent using the early 2000s controversy over transgenic DNA in Mexican maize.
• 'Contrarian science' refers to knowledge claims that diverge from the established scientific path.
• 'Impedance' describes actions, internal or external to the scientific community, aimed at undermining contrarian science or scientists.

Findings:

• Contrarian scientists may become dissenters when faced with impedance.
• Professor Ignacio Chapela's actions in the Mexican maize case exemplify diverse dissent practices, including 'agonistic engagement' and 'dissident science'.
• These practices serve not only to advance scientific debate but also to reshape the broader landscape of knowledge production.

Implications:

• The proposed framework offers a new lens for analyzing scientific dissent as a set of heterogeneous practices.
• Understanding scientific dissent is crucial for navigating controversies in areas like biotechnology and genetic modification.
• The study highlights how dissent can influence the relationships between scientists, the public, institutions, and political contexts in science.