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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy
08:49

Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy

Published on: December 1, 2023

Difference frequency generation spectroscopy as a vibrational optical activity measurement tool.

Sangheon Cheon1, Minhaeng Cho

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Center for Multidimensional Spectroscopy, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|February 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) offers a new vibrational optical activity (VOA) measurement technique for chiral molecules. This coherent spectroscopic tool can determine the absolute configuration of molecules in condensed phases.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy
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Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

Published on: August 6, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Vibrational optical activity (VOA) is crucial for studying chiral molecules in condensed phases.
  • Existing techniques like vibrational circular dichroism and Raman optical activity have limitations.
  • Infrared-visible sum frequency generation is an emerging alternative VOA measurement method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a theoretical description of difference frequency generation (DFG) using circularly polarized visible light.
  • To explore DFG as a novel and potentially useful VOA measurement tool.
  • To demonstrate DFG's capability in determining the absolute configuration of chiral molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of difference frequency generation (DFG) with circularly polarized visible radiation.
  • Frequency scanning by controlling the difference between two nonresonant incident radiation frequencies.
  • Selective measurement of chiral susceptibility components using linearly and circularly polarized beams.

Main Results:

  • A theoretical framework for VOA-DFG spectroscopy is established.
  • The method allows selective measurement of electric-dipole-allowed chiral susceptibility.
  • Circularly polarized DFG enables measurement of additional chiral susceptibility components from electric quadrupole transitions.

Conclusions:

  • Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) is a promising novel VOA measurement technique.
  • DFG provides a coherent spectroscopic tool for analyzing chiral molecules in condensed phases.
  • This technique can be utilized to determine the absolute configuration of chiral molecules.