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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Published on: October 22, 2020

Health consequences of sustained smoking cessation.

K Bjartveit¹, A Tverdal

¹National Health Screening Service, Oslo, Norway. kjell.bjartveit@getmail.no

Tobacco Control

|February 21, 2009

Summary

Quitting smoking for good significantly reduces mortality risk from all causes and smoking-related diseases. Relapsing to smoking after quitting increases mortality risk, highlighting the benefits of sustained smoking cessation.

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Public Health
Cardiovascular Disease Research

Background:

Smoking remains a leading cause of preventable death worldwide.
Assessing the long-term health risks of sustained smoking cessation is crucial for public health guidance.
Understanding the impact of relapsing to smoking after quitting is essential for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To estimate all-cause and smoking-related disease mortality risks in sustained ex-smokers compared to never-smokers.
To evaluate the mortality risks for individuals who resumed smoking after a period of cessation.
To provide a more accurate risk assessment for ex-smokers using data from two consecutive examinations.

Main Methods:

Prospective cohort study involving 23,560 men and 25,122 women in Norway.

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Participants were screened for cardiovascular disease risk factors in the mid-1970s and rescreened 3-13 years later.

Follow-up continued until 2005, with adjusted relative risks calculated for mortality outcomes.

Main Results:

Sustained ex-smokers showed no significant increase in all-cause mortality compared to sustained never-smokers.
Men and women who resumed smoking after quitting had significantly higher adjusted relative risks for all-cause mortality.
Risks for specific smoking-related diseases were not significantly elevated in sustained ex-smokers, except for lung cancer in men; however, risks were significantly higher for those who resumed smoking.

Conclusions:

Sustained ex-smokers have a favorable mortality risk profile, comparable to never-smokers for most outcomes.
Resuming smoking after cessation substantially increases mortality risk, underscoring the importance of permanent smoking cessation.
Using data from multiple examinations provides a more valid assessment of ex-smokers' health risks.