Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events, are a...
Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Need for Self-Esteem01:27

Need for Self-Esteem

The human need for self-esteem has long intrigued psychologists, leading to the development of several theories that explore its evolutionary and functional significance. Among the most influential are the sociometer, hierometer, and terror management theories. Each offers a unique perspective on why people strive for self-worth and how it shapes behavior and social interaction.Sociometer TheoryAccording to sociometer theory, self-esteem functions as an internal gauge of social acceptance. It...
Trait and State Self-Esteem02:08

Trait and State Self-Esteem

The term self-esteem is often used generically, to refer to how people feel about themselves. However, according to research, there are three distinct constructs that should not be used interchangeably (Brown & Marshall, 2006).
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
Protecting Self-Esteem01:27

Protecting Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a central component of psychological well-being, is actively maintained through various cognitive and behavioral strategies. Individuals employ specific mechanisms to preserve a positive self-concept and mitigate threats to their self-worth, particularly in contexts involving social evaluation or personal feedback. Four primary techniques are commonly used to sustain self-esteem.Manipulating AppraisalsOne prominent strategy involves manipulating appraisals from others. Individuals...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Extramedullary Relapse of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Presenting as a Gastric Myeloid Sarcoma.

Mayo Clinic proceedings·2026
Same author

Psychological work capacity demands, according to Mini-ICF-APP-WS, on different health professionals - A naturalistic observation study.

Psychiatria Danubina·2026
Same author

Intentional Recreational Activities of Daily Living and Well-Being in the General Population and in Psychosomatic Patients, Before and After Treatment.

Scandinavian journal of psychology·2025
Same author

[Validation of subjective complaints: differential diagnosis of "healthy suffering" using fatigue as an example].

Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz·2024
Same author

Neurodevelopmental Impairments in Adult Psychosomatic Patients.

Journal of clinical medicine·2024
Same author

Increasing the Therapeutic Dosage by Combining Cognitive Behavior Group Therapy With a Monitored Self-Help Group.

Journal of cognitive psychotherapy·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
08:25

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

The Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTED Scale).

Michael Linden1, Kai Baumann, Barbara Lieberei

  • 1Research Group Psychosomatic Rehabilitation, Charité University Medicine Berlin and the Rehabilitation Centre Seehof, Teltow/Berlin, Germany. michael.linden@charite.de

Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
|February 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A new Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTED Scale) reliably measures prolonged distress after negative events. This scale identifies clinically relevant embitterment in 2.5% of the general population.

More Related Videos

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
08:25

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Mental Health Assessment

Background:

  • Prolonged and disabling embitterment reactions following negative life events represent a significant clinical challenge.
  • Existing assessment tools may not adequately capture the nuances of reactive embitterment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTED Scale).
  • To assess the reliability and validity of the PTED Scale in diverse populations.
  • To determine the prevalence of clinically relevant embitterment in the general population.

Main Methods:

  • The PTED Scale was administered to four independent samples comprising patients and non-clinical individuals.
  • Psychometric properties including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factor structure were evaluated.
  • Convergent validity was assessed through correlations with related psychological instruments.
  • Clinical judgment was used to classify patients with pathological embitterment for comparative analysis.

Main Results:

  • The PTED Scale demonstrated high internal consistency and test-retest reliability across samples.
  • Factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution explaining 55.25% of the variance.
  • The scale significantly discriminated between patients with and without pathological embitterment.
  • Correlations supported the convergent validity of the PTED Scale.
  • A prevalence of approximately 2.5% for clinically relevant embitterment was found in the non-clinical sample.

Conclusions:

  • The PTED Scale is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring embitterment as a reaction to negative life events.
  • Reactive embitterment is a prevalent phenomenon in both clinical and non-clinical populations.
  • The findings support the clinical utility of the PTED Scale in identifying and assessing embitterment.