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Related Concept Videos

Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...
Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Guidelines and Experience Using Imaging Biomarker Explorer (IBEX) for Radiomics
10:17

Guidelines and Experience Using Imaging Biomarker Explorer (IBEX) for Radiomics

Published on: January 8, 2018

Biases in radiologic reasoning.

Richard B Gunderman1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 North Barnhill Dr., Rm. 1053, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5200, USA. rbgunder@iupui.edu

AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
|February 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Recognizing cognitive biases in medical reasoning is key to preventing diagnostic and therapeutic errors. Understanding these common biases helps clinicians make better decisions and improve patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Medical Education
  • Clinical Decision Making

Background:

  • Medical reasoning is complex and susceptible to cognitive biases.
  • These biases can lead to significant errors in patient care.
  • Awareness of biases is the first step toward mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and describe prevalent cognitive biases in medical reasoning.
  • To explain how these biases impact diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making.
  • To provide a foundation for developing strategies to counteract bias.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cognitive biases in medical contexts.
  • Analysis of common heuristics and their potential pitfalls.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking biases to clinical errors.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Guidelines and Experience Using Imaging Biomarker Explorer (IBEX) for Radiomics
10:17

Guidelines and Experience Using Imaging Biomarker Explorer (IBEX) for Radiomics

Published on: January 8, 2018

Main Results:

  • Common biases include confirmation bias, availability heuristic, and anchoring.
  • These biases systematically influence clinical judgment.
  • Failure to recognize bias contributes to diagnostic delays and incorrect treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cognitive biases is crucial for improving medical reasoning.
  • Implementing strategies to mitigate bias can reduce avoidable medical errors.
  • Continuous education on cognitive bias is essential for healthcare professionals.