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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
10:10

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

Published on: March 31, 2019

Regulatory noncoding RNAs at Hox loci.

Hugh W Brock1, Jacob W Hodgson, Svetlana Petruk

  • 1Molecular Epigenetics Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T1Z3, Canada. brock@zoology.ubc.ca

Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire
|February 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression during development. This review covers short and long noncoding RNAs that control Hox gene expression in Drosophila and mammals via RNA interference and transcriptional interference.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their crucial roles in regulating gene expression.
  • Spatial regulation of Hox gene expression is fundamental for establishing positional identity along the antero-posterior axis during development.
  • Understanding the mechanisms by which ncRNAs influence Hox gene regulation is key to deciphering developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles of short and long noncoding RNAs in the regulation of Hox gene expression.
  • To highlight the mechanisms employed by ncRNAs, including RNA interference and transcriptional interference.
  • To discuss the function of ncRNAs in both Drosophila and mammalian developmental systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies of noncoding RNA function in Hox gene regulation.
  • Analysis of mechanisms such as RNA interference (RNAi) and transcriptional interference.
  • Comparative examination of ncRNA roles in Drosophila and mammalian models.

Main Results:

  • Short ncRNAs repress Hox genes in Drosophila and mammals through RNA interference (RNAi).
  • Long ncRNAs can repress Hox genes in cis in Drosophila via transcriptional interference.
  • A novel long ncRNA has been identified that regulates Hox genes in trans in mammals.

Conclusions:

  • Noncoding RNAs, both short and long, are critical regulators of Hox gene expression during development.
  • Diverse mechanisms, including RNAi and transcriptional interference, are utilized by ncRNAs to control Hox gene activity.
  • The study of ncRNAs provides significant insights into the intricate processes of pattern formation and positional identity in both invertebrates and vertebrates.