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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which are...
Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Together, these three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.The History of Atomic TheoryThe first person to propose that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles was the Greek philosopher Democritus, around 450 B.C. He used the term atomos, Greek for “indivisible,” from which the modern term “atom” is derived.
Atomic Structure01:17

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The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for "indivisible," from which the modern term "atom" is derived. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed the atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He put forth five postulates to explain how atoms made up the world around us. (1) All matter is composed of infinitely small particles or atoms. (2) All atoms of a given element are identical to one another and (3) are...
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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...

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Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles
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Published on: March 2, 2016

From superatomic Au25(SR)18(-) to superatomic M@Au24(SR)18(q) core-shell clusters.

De-en Jiang1, Sheng Dai

  • 1Chemical Sciences Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. jiangd@ornl.gov

Inorganic Chemistry
|February 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored new core-shell nanoclusters based on the superatom concept. They identified 16 elements capable of forming stable M@Au(24)(SR)(18)(q) clusters, expanding possibilities for nanomaterial design.

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Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

Published on: July 8, 2021

Area of Science:

  • * Nanomaterials Science
  • * Computational Chemistry
  • * Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • * The superatom concept explains unique properties of certain nanoclusters.
  • * Gold nanoclusters, like Au(25)(SR)(18)(-), exhibit 'magic numbers' of electrons conferring stability.
  • * Au(25)(SR)(18)(-) features an icosahedral Au(13) core and a protective thiolate shell, with 8 delocalized electrons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the potential for core-atom substitution in Au(25)(SR)(18)(-).
  • * To predict and identify new stable core-shell nanoclusters using a superatom electron-counting rule.
  • * To explore the feasibility of creating M@Au(24)(SR)(18)(q) clusters with diverse core elements (M).

Main Methods:

  • * Application of a simple 8-electron counting rule derived from the superatom model.
  • * Periodic table-wide screening for suitable core atoms (M).
  • * Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for structural and electronic optimization of candidate clusters.

Main Results:

  • * Identified 16 elements from groups 1, 2, and 10-14 that can form stable M@Au(24)(SR)(18)(q) clusters.
  • * Demonstrated that the superatom electron-counting rule effectively predicts viable core-shell nanocluster structures.
  • * Confirmed the preservation of both electronic and geometric integrity of the original Au(25)(SR)(18)(-) framework in substituted clusters.

Conclusions:

  • * The superatom electron-counting rule is a powerful predictive tool for designing novel core-shell nanoclusters.
  • * Core substitution in Au(25)(SR)(18)(-) is feasible with a wide range of elements.
  • * This research opens new avenues for experimental synthesis and application of tailored superatom nanoclusters.