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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
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The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Various causes for frontal sinus obstruction.

Joseph K Han1, Tamer Ghanem, Bonmyong Lee

  • 1Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Sinusand Skull-base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA. hanjk@evms.edu

American Journal of Otolaryngology
|February 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inflammatory polyps are the leading cause of frontal sinusitis requiring surgery. Synechia, often seen after prior procedures, is another significant factor. Further research aims to prevent these issues.

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Rhinology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Frontal sinusitis stems from diverse inflammatory and structural issues.
  • Endoscopic sinus surgery is a common treatment for refractory frontal sinusitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the primary causes of frontal sinusitis in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery.
  • To provide a pilot study for understanding frontal sinusitis etiology.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 102 patients from 1997-2004.
  • Analysis of demographic data, frontal recess findings, and surgical history.
  • 176 endoscopic frontal sinus surgeries were reviewed.

Main Results:

  • Inflammatory polyps were the most frequent cause (53%).
  • Frontal recess synechia (21%) and agger nasi cells (12%) were also significant findings.
  • Synechia was exclusively observed in patients with a history of prior sinus surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic frontal sinusitis requiring surgery is most commonly caused by inflammatory polyps and synechia.
  • Frontal recess synechia appears to be an iatrogenic complication.
  • Further investigation is needed to understand and prevent synechia formation.