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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation
07:11

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Published on: December 8, 2023

Auditory attention activates peripheral visual cortex.

Anthony D Cate1, Timothy J Herron, E William Yund

  • 1Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, California, United States of America. acate@ebire.org

Plos One
|February 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Auditory attention, not passive sound exposure, activates visual cortex regions. These auditory occipital activations (AOAs) are linked to higher cognitive functions and may prime visual areas for upcoming auditory events.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • Neuroimaging reveals visual cortex activation during auditory tasks in sighted and blind individuals.
  • The precise triggers and roles of auditory occipital activations (AOAs) are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether AOAs are stimulus-driven or linked to cognitive processes like auditory attention.
  • To determine the functional significance of AOAs in relation to auditory attention.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an intermodal selective attention task.
  • Employed cortical surface mapping to identify the location of AOAs.
  • Varied auditory stimulus properties (intensity, location, frequency) and task difficulty.

Main Results:

  • Auditory occipital activations (AOAs) were located in visual cortex areas for the far peripheral visual field.
  • AOAs were strictly dependent on sustained auditory attention and intensified with task difficulty.
  • Unattended sounds, regardless of characteristics, did not elicit AOAs.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory attention, not passive sound perception, consistently activates peripheral visual cortex.
  • Functional connectivity between auditory and peripheral visual cortex likely underlies AOAs.
  • AOAs may represent a preparatory mechanism, priming visual cortex for anticipated auditory events.