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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
The Small x Assumption02:20

The Small x Assumption

If a reaction has a small equilibrium constant, the equilibrium position favors the reactants. In such reactions, a negligible change in concentration may occur if the initial concentrations of reactants are high and the Kc value is small. In such circumstances, the equilibrium concentration is approximately equal to its initial concentration. This estimation can be used to simplify the equilibrium calculations by assuming that some equilibrium concentrations are equal to the initial...
Allosteric Regulation01:08

Allosteric Regulation

Allosteric regulation of enzymes occurs when the binding of an effector molecule to a site that is different from the active site causes a change in the enzymatic activity. This alternate site is called an allosteric site, and an enzyme can contain more than one of these sites. Allosteric regulation can either be positive or negative, resulting in an increase or decrease in enzyme activity. Most enzymes that display allosteric regulation are metabolic enzymes involved in the degradation or...
Capillary Exchange01:28

Capillary Exchange

The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular clefts.

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Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells
10:46

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Published on: July 16, 2013

Na+ -Ca2+ exchanger expression and its modulation.

Junko Kimura1, Tomoyuki Ono, Kazuho Sakamoto

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan. jkimura@fmu.ac.jp

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
|March 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic nicotine exposure alters sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) protein levels in rat brain and heart, despite no significant changes in NCX gene expression. This suggests post-transcriptional regulation impacts NCX function.

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Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Nicotine is a widely consumed substance with known physiological effects.
  • The sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) plays a critical role in cellular calcium homeostasis.
  • Understanding nicotine's impact on NCX is crucial for cardiovascular and neurological health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the chronic effects of nicotine on Na+ -Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) gene and protein expression.
  • To examine these effects across various organs, including the brain and heart.
  • To review modulators of NCX gene expression and function in cardiac myocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Rats were treated with nicotine in drinking water for 4-12 weeks.
  • NCX gene expression was analyzed using microarray and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  • NCX protein expression was assessed in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, heart, and skeletal muscle.

Main Results:

  • No significant changes in NCX mRNA expression were detected in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, heart, or skeletal muscle.
  • NCX1 protein was upregulated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus but downregulated in the heart.
  • NCX2 protein was upregulated in the hippocampus.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic nicotine administration alters NCX protein expression in the rat brain and heart.
  • These protein level changes occur despite insignificant alterations in NCX mRNA.
  • Nicotine's effects on NCX suggest post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms are involved.