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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
11:19

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Published on: July 4, 2016

Percolation framework in Ising-spin relaxation.

Grzegorz Kondrat1, Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron

  • 1Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wrocław, Maxa Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

We introduce a percolation framework to study relaxation dynamics. The study reveals a double time regime in survival probability, with fast relaxation via droplets and slow relaxation via stripes.

Area of Science:

  • Statistical Physics
  • Complex Systems

Background:

  • Understanding relaxation dynamics in complex systems is crucial.
  • Zero-temperature dynamics on lattices present unique challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a percolation-based framework for analyzing relaxation dynamics.
  • To investigate Glauber and outflow dynamics on square and triangular lattices.
  • To understand the emergence of a double time regime in survival probability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a percolation framework.
  • Simulating zero-temperature Glauber and outflow dynamics.
  • Analyzing relaxation on L x L square and triangular lattices.

Main Results:

  • Identified a double time regime in survival probability.

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  • Short-time relaxation occurs through droplets.
  • Long-time relaxation occurs through stripes.
  • The probability of ordering via droplets (fast relaxation) is approximately 2/3 for both dynamics.

    • Conclusions:

    • The percolation framework effectively explains the observed relaxation dynamics.
    • Droplet-mediated relaxation is a dominant fast pathway.
    • Stripe-mediated relaxation characterizes the long-time behavior.