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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Theory of Metallic Conduction

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Cellular pattern dynamics on a concave interface in three-dimensional alloy solidification.

C Weiss¹, N Bergeon, N Mangelinck-Noël

¹Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, UMR 6242, IM2NP, Campus Scientifique de Saint-Jérôme, Case 142, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|March 5, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular patterns in 3D solidification exhibit unique dynamics, including cell birth, collective gliding, and elimination, driven by interface curvature and fluid flow interactions.

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Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting

Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting

Published on: May 14, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting

Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting

Published on: May 14, 2016

Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Materials science
Solidification science

Background:

Three-dimensional interface patterns are prevalent in condensed matter systems.
The dynamical behavior of these patterns requires further investigation.
Understanding pattern dynamics is crucial for controlling material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the dynamics of cellular patterns at a concave solid-liquid interface during directional solidification.
To elucidate the mechanisms driving pattern evolution in 3D solidification.
To identify the role of interface curvature and fluid flow in pattern dynamics.

Main Methods:

Utilized bright-field live imaging for in situ observation of pattern formation.
Studied a transparent alloy solidified directionally within a cylinder.
Analyzed cellular pattern evolution at various pulling velocities.

Main Results:

Observed a characteristic asymptotic cellular pattern with continuous cell birth at the periphery.
Documented sustained collective gliding of the cellular array down the interface slope.
Identified elimination of coarse cells at a central sink.
Demonstrated that interface curvature in concave 3D solidification imposes cell advection.
Revealed an additional pattern advection mechanism beyond pure slope advection, attributed to fluid flow.

Conclusions:

The observed cellular pattern dynamics are a signature of cell advection imposed by interface curvature in 3D solidification.
Fluid flow interaction plays a significant role in pattern advection, as suggested by comparison with theoretical models.
Further research into fluid flow effects is warranted for a comprehensive understanding of solidification patterns.