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The Bohr Model

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Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the nucleus...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Photon-photon entanglement with a single trapped atom.

B Weber¹, H P Specht, T Müller

¹Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|March 5, 2009

Summary

Researchers generated entangled photons using a single trapped rubidium atom in an optical cavity. This deterministic entanglement is crucial for building scalable quantum networks.

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A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

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Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

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Published on: May 30, 2014

Area of Science:

Quantum optics
Atomic physics
Quantum information science

Background:

Entanglement is a key resource for quantum technologies.
Generating high-fidelity entanglement deterministically is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a deterministic source of entangled photons.
To establish a robust method for entanglement generation using trapped atoms and cavity quantum electrodynamics (Cavity-QED).

Main Methods:

Trapping a single rubidium atom inside a high-finesse optical cavity.
Utilizing cavity-QED to mediate entanglement between the atom and emitted photons.
Characterizing entanglement via Bell inequality violation and quantum-state tomography.

Main Results:

Generation of two independently triggered entangled photons.
Violation of Bell inequality with S=2.5.
Quantum-state tomography yielding entanglement fidelity exceeding F=90%.

Conclusions:

The developed protocol offers a deterministic approach to generating entangled photons.
This method is a vital step towards scalable entanglement for distributed quantum networks.