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Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...

Structure of Amines

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The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...

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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...

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Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.

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Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Published on: May 15, 2015

Novel high pressure structures of polymeric nitrogen.

Yanming Ma¹, Artem R Oganov, Zhenwei Li

¹National Lab of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China. mym@jlu.edu.cn

Physical Review Letters

|March 5, 2009

Summary

Researchers explored stable solid nitrogen structures for high-energy-density materials. New polymeric nitrogen phases, including layered and helical tunnel structures, were predicted to be stable at high pressures.

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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid-State Chemistry
High-Pressure Physics

Background:

Solid nitrogen research is crucial for developing high-energy-density materials.
Previous studies focused on cubic gauche nitrogen, but higher energy forms are sought.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify stable monatomic solid nitrogen structures beyond the known cubic gauche phase.
To predict new polymeric nitrogen polymorphs and their stability fields.

Main Methods:

Utilized evolutionary structure searches to explore potential nitrogen phases.
Calculated structural stability under high-pressure conditions.

Main Results:

Proposed two novel high-pressure polymeric nitrogen structures: a layered Pba2/Iba2 phase (188-320 GPa) and a helical tunnel P2_{1}2_{1}2_{1} phase (>320 GPa).
Ruled out the low-temperature stability of the previously suggested black phosphorus structure for nitrogen.
The predicted stability fields are experimentally accessible with current techniques.

Conclusions:

The identified layered and helical tunnel structures represent promising candidates for stable, high-energy-density solid nitrogen.
These findings advance the understanding of nitrogen polymorphism under extreme conditions.