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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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Published on: October 11, 2016

Cross correlation of incoherent multiple Andreev reflections.

Sylvie Duhot1, François Lefloch, Manuel Houzet

  • 1Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, F-38042 Grenoble, France.

Physical Review Letters
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Current correlations in superconducting nanostructures are strongly enhanced at low voltages due to multiple Andreev reflections. The cross correlation can be positive or negative, depending on contact properties, offering insights into quantum transport.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum transport phenomena

Background:

  • Understanding charge transport in hybrid normal-superconducting systems is crucial.
  • Proximity effects in metallic dots influence quantum correlations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate current correlations in a multiterminal normal-superconducting structure.
  • To investigate the impact of voltage and temperature on these correlations.

Main Methods:

  • A semiclassical theory was employed.
  • The theory is valid when proximity effects in the dot are suppressed.

Main Results:

  • Strong enhancement of correlations at low voltage (eV << Delta) due to incoherent multiple Andreev reflections.
  • Predicted positive or negative cross-correlation based on point contact properties.
  • Incoherent multiple Andreev reflections dominate charge transport.

Conclusions:

  • Semiclassical theory provides a framework for analyzing current correlations in such systems.
  • Contact properties critically determine the sign of cross-correlations.
  • Inelastic scattering effects within the dot were also considered.