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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:22

Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management

Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition of the myocardium requiring meticulous nursing management for optimal patient outcomes. Effective management begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's medical history, paying close attention to past infections, autoimmune disorders, travel history, and exposure to toxins or drugs. Recent viral infections and systemic diseases are particularly relevant due to their potential role in triggering myocarditis.Physical Examination and MonitoringThe...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Using Reference Reagents to Confirm Robustness of Cytokine Release Assays for the Prediction of Monoclonal Antibody Safety
06:37

Using Reference Reagents to Confirm Robustness of Cytokine Release Assays for the Prediction of Monoclonal Antibody Safety

Published on: September 15, 2023

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a resource-poor setting.

Stephen A Klotz1, Abdul Aziz Mohammed, Mulugeta Girmai Woldemichael

  • 1Section of Infectious Diseases, School of Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA. sklotz@u.arizona.edu

Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (Chicago, Ill. : 2002)
|March 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a significant concern for HIV patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Ethiopia. Unrecognized IRIS can lead to hospitalization and death, especially in resource-poor settings.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Using Reference Reagents to Confirm Robustness of Cytokine Release Assays for the Prediction of Monoclonal Antibody Safety
06:37

Using Reference Reagents to Confirm Robustness of Cytokine Release Assays for the Prediction of Monoclonal Antibody Safety

Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed HIV management.
  • Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a known complication following HAART initiation.
  • IRIS presentation and impact in resource-limited settings require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the incidence and clinical manifestations of IRIS in HIV-infected patients initiating HAART in rural Ethiopia.
  • To identify common opportunistic infections associated with IRIS in this population.
  • To assess the outcomes and challenges of managing IRIS in resource-poor settings.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 1002 HIV-infected patients attending an outpatient clinic.
  • Analysis of patient demographics, CD4 counts, HAART initiation, hospitalizations, and diagnoses.
  • Specific focus on patients hospitalized for IRIS manifestations.

Main Results:

  • 7% of patients on HAART were hospitalized for IRIS, with a median CD4 count of 89 cells/mm(3).
  • Tuberculosis (36%), cryptococcal meningitis (16%), and toxoplasmosis (9%) were the most common IRIS manifestations.
  • Gastroenteritis was identified as a previously unrecognized IRIS manifestation.
  • 81% of IRIS hospitalizations occurred within 3 months of HAART initiation.
  • 5% of hospitalized IRIS patients died, and 50% were lost to follow-up, suggesting underestimation of mortality.

Conclusions:

  • IRIS is a frequent and potentially fatal complication of HAART in resource-poor settings.
  • Timely recognition and management of IRIS are crucial for improving outcomes in HIV-infected patients.
  • Gastroenteritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of IRIS.
  • Challenges in follow-up and diagnosis in resource-limited areas complicate accurate assessment of IRIS severity and mortality.