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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...

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Cerebral Ischemic Coma Model Induced by Modified Four-Vessel Occlusion
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[Case report: cerebral ischemia--a routine emergency case?].

Ulrich Blumenthal1

  • 1Department of Anaesthesiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany. Ulrich.Blumenthal@uni-greifswald.de

Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS
|March 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A 77-year-old man experienced cerebral ischemia, pulmonary embolism, and leg vein thrombosis. This case highlights paradoxical embolism due to a persistent patent foramen ovale, emphasizing consideration of less obvious diagnoses.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Cerebral Ischemic Coma Model Induced by Modified Four-Vessel Occlusion
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Mouse Cardiac Arrest Model for Brain Imaging and Brain Physiology Monitoring During Ischemia and Resuscitation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • Cerebral ischemia is a critical neurological event often requiring immediate intervention.
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are significant vascular emergencies.
  • Paradoxical embolism occurs when venous emboli travel to the arterial circulation, bypassing the lungs.

Observation:

  • A 77-year-old male presented with symptoms suggestive of cerebral ischemia.
  • During transport, an unexplained transient drop in oxygen saturation was noted.
  • In-hospital evaluation revealed basilar artery thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and lower leg venous thrombosis.

Findings:

  • The basilar artery thrombosis was identified as a paradoxical embolism.
  • A persistent patent foramen ovale was confirmed as the underlying cause for the paradoxical embolism.
  • The patient presented with a complex thromboembolic event involving cerebral, pulmonary, and venous systems.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering paradoxical embolism in patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack.
  • Persistent patent foramen ovale should be investigated in cases of unexplained thromboembolic events, especially when multiple sites are involved.
  • Comprehensive diagnostic workup is crucial, even when an initial diagnosis appears straightforward, to uncover complex underlying pathologies.