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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Adaptive changes in visual cortex following prolonged contrast reduction.

MiYoung Kwon1, Gordon E Legge, Fang Fang

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. kwon0064@umn.edu

Journal of Vision
|March 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prolonged reduction in visual contrast enhances the adult visual cortex's ability to code low contrasts. This adaptation improves contrast discrimination and neural responses, demonstrating visual system plasticity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Long-term visual deprivation can induce compensatory changes in the adult visual pathway.
  • The precise mechanism of contrast adaptation (contrast gain vs. response gain) remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of prolonged reduction in retinal-image contrast on visual-contrast coding.
  • To determine if contrast adaptation is best characterized as contrast gain or response gain.

Main Methods:

  • Normally sighted subjects adapted to reduced contrast using goggles for four hours.
  • Contrast-discrimination thresholds and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) BOLD responses in V1 and V2 were measured before and after adaptation.

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease in contrast-discrimination thresholds was observed post-adaptation.
  • fMRI BOLD responses in cortical areas V1 and V2 significantly increased after adaptation.
  • Interocular transfer of the adaptation effect suggests a cortical origin.

Conclusions:

  • Adult visual cortex exhibits adaptability through a response-gain mechanism when exposed to reduced stimulus contrasts.
  • This compensatory adaptation enhances the precision of contrast coding for low retinal-image contrasts.