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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

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Antigen processing patterns determine GAD65-specific regulation vs. pathogenesis.

Yang D Dai1, Eli E Sercarz

  • 1Division of Immune Regulation, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, La Jolla, California 92121, USA. ydai@tpims.org

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|March 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alterations in how the body presents self-antigens like glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) can shift T cell responses. This impacts whether T cells become regulatory or pathogenic in type 1 diabetes (T1D).

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • T cell recognition of self-antigens is crucial for immune tolerance.
  • Dysregulation in T cell responses to autoantigens like GAD65 is implicated in type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  • The processing and presentation of T cell determinants can be modulated by various factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how altered processing and presentation of GAD65 determinants influence T cell responses.
  • To understand mechanisms that may lead to the induction of regulatory versus pathogenic T cells in T1D.
  • To explore how antigen modification impacts T cell activation and affinity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T cell determinant presentation.
  • Investigating the role of flanking residues in T cell binding.
  • Studying biochemical modifications of self-antigens in antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

Main Results:

  • Enhanced presentation of subdominant/cryptic GAD65 determinants may activate aggressive T cells.
  • Trimming of flanking residues can disrupt regulatory T cell activation, potentially releasing autoreactive T cells.
  • Biochemical modifications in inflammatory environments can convert regulatory determinants into autoreactive ones.

Conclusions:

  • Modulation of GAD65 determinant processing and presentation offers potential mechanisms for T1D pathogenesis.
  • Understanding these alterations is key to developing strategies for inducing GAD65-specific regulatory T cells.
  • Targeting antigen processing and modification could be a therapeutic approach for T1D.