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Related Concept Videos

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells that interact...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

An Ex Vivo Explant Model for Studying Glial Interactions in the Mouse Retina
09:46

An Ex Vivo Explant Model for Studying Glial Interactions in the Mouse Retina

Published on: July 15, 2025

NF-κB Involvement in Glaucoma-Associated Neuroinflammation: Focus on Glial Cells.

Francesca Veglianti1, Mauro Di Vito Nolfi1, Irene Flati1,2

  • 1Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|May 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disease. Targeting immune pathways like NF-κB offers new therapeutic strategies for optic nerve damage.

Keywords:
Müller cellsNF-κBastrogliaglaucomamicroglianeuroinflammation

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In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma
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In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma

Published on: May 11, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

An Ex Vivo Explant Model for Studying Glial Interactions in the Mouse Retina
09:46

An Ex Vivo Explant Model for Studying Glial Interactions in the Mouse Retina

Published on: July 15, 2025

In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma
12:48

In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma

Published on: May 11, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Glaucoma involves progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve damage.
  • While mechanical and vascular factors are implicated, pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Glaucoma shares neuroinflammatory mechanisms with other neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight neuroinflammation as a significant factor in glaucoma pathogenesis.
  • To position glaucoma as a neurodegenerative condition with a strong immune component.
  • To focus on the NF-κB signaling pathway's role in glaucomatous neuroinflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on glaucoma pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of immune signaling pathways (TLRs, NF-κB) and cytokines (TNF-α) in glaucoma.
  • Discussion of glial cell involvement and inflammatory modulation.

Main Results:

  • Neuroinflammation, involving pathways like NF-κB and cytokines like TNF-α, is integral to glaucoma.
  • Glaucoma shares inflammatory mechanisms with other neurodegenerative disorders.
  • The M1/M2 microglial paradigm is insufficient for understanding glial roles.

Conclusions:

  • Glaucoma should be viewed as a neurodegenerative disease with a significant immune component, not just an ocular pressure disorder.
  • Targeting neuroinflammation presents novel therapeutic avenues for glaucoma.
  • Further research is needed to clarify microglial phenotypes and astrocyte activation timing.