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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Impact of superantigenic molecules on central nervous system function.

Daniella Urbach-Ross1, Alexander W Kusnecov

  • 1Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|March 11, 2009
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Summary

Superantigens (SAgs) trigger T cell proliferation and cytokine release, activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This immune response uniquely alters behavior, offering insights into T cell-mediated effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Superantigens (SAgs) are potent immune activators.
  • SAgs induce T cell proliferation and cytokine release (IL-2, IFNγ, TNFα).
  • SAgs also activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behavioral, endocrine, and neurobiological effects of SAg exposure.
  • To understand the role of cytokines, like TNFα, in mediating these effects.
  • To compare SAg-induced responses to other immune challenges like LPS.

Main Methods:

  • SAg administration in a model system.
  • Monitoring of T cell proliferation and cytokine levels.
  • Assessment of behavioral changes and HPA axis activation.

Main Results:

  • SAgs caused significant T cell proliferation and cytokine release.
  • HPA axis activation was observed, leading to corticosterone release.
  • Behavioral changes included neophobia and heightened anxiety, mediated partly by TNFα.
  • SAg effects differed from LPS-induced immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • SAgs provide a unique model for studying T cell-driven immune responses.
  • Cytokines play a crucial role in mediating the behavioral and endocrine effects of SAgs.
  • Understanding SAg mechanisms offers insights into neuroimmune interactions.