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Related Concept Videos

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
10:26

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

Published on: August 18, 2014

Transdermal oxybutynin.

Claudine M Baldwin1, Gillian M Keating

  • 1Wolters Kluwer Health | Adis, Auckland, New Zealand. demail@adis.co.nz

Drugs
|March 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transdermal oxybutynin effectively treats overactive bladder by reducing incontinence and improving voided volume. This method bypasses first-pass metabolism, offering a well-tolerated alternative with improved quality of life.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
10:26

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

Published on: August 18, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Overactive bladder (OAB) is characterized by detrusor muscle overactivity.
  • Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic agent that inhibits muscarinic M(3) receptors.
  • Transdermal drug delivery offers an alternative route for oxybutynin administration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the transdermal oxybutynin system for OAB treatment.
  • To compare transdermal oxybutynin with placebo and extended-release oral tolterodine.
  • To assess the impact of transdermal oxybutynin on health-related quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • Two randomized controlled trials assessed transdermal oxybutynin (3.9 mg/day) versus placebo in OAB patients.
  • One trial compared transdermal oxybutynin with extended-release oral tolterodine.
  • The MATRIX trial evaluated quality of life using the King's Health Questionnaire.

Main Results:

  • Transdermal oxybutynin significantly reduced incontinence episodes and increased voided volume compared to placebo.
  • Improvements in urinary frequency were observed in one trial but not consistently.
  • No significant differences were found between transdermal oxybutynin and extended-release oral tolterodine.
  • Transdermal oxybutynin showed significant improvements in all domains of the King's Health Questionnaire.

Conclusions:

  • Transdermal oxybutynin is an effective treatment for overactive bladder, improving key symptoms and quality of life.
  • The transdermal route avoids first-pass metabolism, potentially improving tolerability.
  • Application-site reactions were the primary reason for discontinuation, while dry mouth was notably absent.