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Related Concept Videos

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Etravirine, a next-generation nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor.

Leonard B Johnson1, Louis D Saravolatz

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA. leonard.johnson@stjohn.org

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|March 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Etravirine is a next-generation nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) effective for HIV patients with NNRTI-resistant strains. Clinical studies confirm its benefit in multidrug-resistant HIV cases, with manageable side effects.

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Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

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Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
09:29

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Published on: October 29, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Antiviral drug development
  • HIV/AIDS therapeutics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • HIV treatment failure necessitates novel therapeutic agents.
  • Nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a cornerstone of HIV therapy.
  • Emergence of NNRTI resistance poses a significant clinical challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of etravirine.
  • To assess etravirine's activity against NNRTI-resistant HIV strains.
  • To determine etravirine's role in salvage therapy for virologic failure.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical trials involving patients with virologic failure on NNRTI regimens.
  • In vitro studies assessing etravirine's activity against wild-type and resistant HIV.
  • Analysis of resistance mutations associated with treatment failure.

Main Results:

  • Etravirine exhibits potent in vitro activity against diverse HIV strains, including NNRTI-resistant ones.
  • Treatment failure is linked to multiple NNRTI resistance mutations beyond K103N.
  • Clinical studies demonstrate etravirine's benefit when added to optimized background regimens.

Conclusions:

  • Etravirine is an effective next-generation NNRTI for patients with NNRTI-resistant HIV.
  • It offers a valuable option for salvage therapy in multidrug-resistant HIV infections.
  • Common adverse effects like nausea and rash are typically mild and transient.