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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Tuberculosis01:23

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates
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Pathogenesis of central nervous system tuberculosis.

Nicholas A Be1, Kwang Sik Kim, William R Bishai

  • 1Center for Tuberculosis Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.

Current Molecular Medicine
|March 12, 2009
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Summary

Central Nervous System (CNS) tuberculosis is a severe disease in children. New research suggests Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes, not just host factors, may drive CNS invasion, crucial for developing preventive strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) tuberculosis is a severe, often fatal form of tuberculosis, particularly in children.
  • Diagnosis and treatment are complicated by HIV co-infection and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains.
  • Current understanding of CNS tuberculosis pathogenesis relies on outdated necropsy studies from 1933.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of CNS tuberculosis pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the need for novel preventive strategies.
  • To explore the role of microbial factors in CNS invasion and survival.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and necropsy studies.
  • Analysis of experimental data and animal models.
  • Investigation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes and proteins involved in CNS disease.

Main Results:

  • Delayed "paradoxical" tuberculoma enlargement may be linked to the CNS immune system's inefficient detection of foreign antigens.
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes and proteins may play a specific role in bacterial invasion and survival within the CNS.
  • Severe sequelae occur even with effective treatment, underscoring the need for prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding microbial factors is essential for developing preventive strategies against CNS tuberculosis.
  • Further research into host-pathogen interactions is needed.
  • Preventive strategies are critical due to the high morbidity and mortality of CNS tuberculosis.