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A New Hybrid Quantitative Evaluation Model for Axillary Junctional Hemorrhage in Swine

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Tourniquets revisited.

Kenneth G Swan¹, Deborah S Wright, Stephanie S Barbagiovanni

¹Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey/NJMS, Newark, NJ 07101, USA. swanke@umdnj.edu

The Journal of Trauma

|March 12, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Tourniquets effectively control extremity hemorrhage, with the cloth and windlass being the simplest and easiest to apply. "Pressure point" techniques are ineffective for arterial bleeding control.

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Area of Science:

Trauma Care
Emergency Medicine
Surgical Hemorrhage Control

Background:

Optimal control of life-threatening extremity hemorrhage remains controversial.
Key questions include tourniquet simplicity, applicability below the knee/elbow, pain impact, and efficacy of pressure points.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness and ease of use of common tourniquets.
To assess the impact of pain during tourniquet application.
To determine the efficacy of pressure point techniques for arterial hemorrhage control.

Main Methods:

Three common tourniquets (sphygmomanometer, rubber tubing, cloth and windlass) were tested on 10 healthy volunteers.
Tourniquets applied to arm, forearm, thigh, and leg; success defined by pulse elimination.
Ease of application and pain levels were recorded; pressure points (brachial, femoral) were also assessed.

Main Results:

All tested tourniquets successfully eliminated distal pulses in most applications.
The cloth and windlass tourniquet was rated easiest to apply.
Pressure point application was largely unsuccessful in achieving sustained pulse obliteration.

Conclusions:

Tourniquets are effective for hemorrhage control below the knee and elbow.
The cloth and windlass tourniquet is recommended for its ease of use and availability.
"Pressure point control" is an ineffective method for managing arterial extremity hemorrhage.