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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Thyroid aspiration cytology: current status.

Lester J Layfield1, Edmund S Cibas, Hossein Gharib

  • 1University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah Hospital and Clinics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. layfiel@aruplab.com

CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians
|March 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid nodules are common, and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the primary method for tissue diagnosis. This review focuses on FNA indications, terminology, and post-procedure management for thyroid nodules.

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules are prevalent in adults, often detected via ultrasound.
  • Further investigation, including tissue diagnosis, is frequently required based on nodule characteristics.
  • Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the leading technique for obtaining thyroid tissue for analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of science regarding FNA for thyroid nodule management.
  • To discuss key aspects including indications, diagnostic terminology, and post-FNA management options.
  • To provide guidance for physicians managing patients with thyroid nodules.

Main Methods:

  • The article is based on discussions from a National Cancer Institute-sponsored conference in October 2007.
  • It reviews published findings from the conference regarding FNA for thyroid nodules.
  • The focus is on indications, diagnostic terminology, and post-FNA procedures.

Main Results:

  • The conference addressed indications, pre-FNA requirements, training, techniques, diagnostic criteria, ancillary studies, and post-FNA options.
  • Published results cover a comprehensive overview of FNA in thyroid nodule management.
  • The current article specifically highlights indications, terminology, and post-FNA choices.

Conclusions:

  • FNA is a critical tool for evaluating thyroid nodules.
  • Standardized terminology and clear post-FNA management pathways are essential.
  • Physicians need updated information on FNA indications and interpretation for optimal patient care.