Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
11:02

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

Stronger inflammatory/cytotoxic T-cell response in women identified by microarray analysis.

A Hewagama1, D Patel, S Yarlagadda

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Division, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.

Genes and Immunity
|March 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Repeated immune stimulation causes T cells in women to overexpress inflammatory genes more than in men. This heightened response, linked to estrogen, may explain why women are more prone to autoimmune diseases.

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tumor-derived FXII engages the intrinsic coagulation cascade to support breast cancer liver metastasis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Megalin (LRP2), prenatal betamethasone, and injury susceptibility in the developing kidney.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Novel germline genetic variants associated with venous thrombo-embolism (VTE) and arterial thrombo-embolism (ATE) risk in patients with ALK and ROS1 fusion non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Thrombosis research·2026
Same author

Enhancements in Laser-Direct-Drive Nuclear Performance with Target Radius.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

The South Australian <sup>177</sup>Lu-DOTATATE peptide receptor radionuclide therapy service: an 11-year review of toxicity, health-related quality of life, and survival.

ESMO gastrointestinal oncology·2026
Same author

Factors associated with pulmonary TB in malnourished children admitted to rehabilitation centres.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2026

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Women exhibit higher incidence of chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases.
  • Mechanisms behind this gender disparity in autoimmunity are not fully understood.
  • Chronic immune stimulation is a hallmark of many autoimmune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if repeated immune stimulation elicits differential T-cell responses between sexes.
  • To identify specific genes and pathways involved in sex-biased T-cell activation.

Main Methods:

  • Microarray analysis of T cells from healthy men and women.
  • Comparison of gene expression after single and repeated immune stimulation.
  • Bioinformatic analysis to identify overrepresented gene sets and regulatory elements.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
11:02

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

Main Results:

  • Restimulation led to significantly higher expression of immune response genes in women compared to men (72% vs. 25% after single stimulation).
  • Key inflammatory/cytotoxic effector genes (e.g., interferon-gamma, lymphotoxin beta) were highly overexpressed in female T cells.
  • Estrogen response elements were found in promoters of numerous immune genes upregulated in women.

Conclusions:

  • Restimulated female T cells show a pronounced upregulation of inflammatory and cytotoxic effector molecules.
  • Estrogen signaling likely plays a role in the sex-specific T-cell responses.
  • Differential gene expression in T cells may contribute to women's increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.