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Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...

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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Targeted Expression of GFP in the Hair Follicle Using Ex Vivo Viral Transduction

Targeted Expression of GFP in the Hair Follicle Using Ex Vivo Viral Transduction

Published on: March 17, 2008

Bioengineering the hair follicle.

K Stenn¹, S Parimoo, Y Zheng

¹Aderans Research Institute, Inc.; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA.

|March 13, 2009

Summary

Hair follicle regeneration research has advanced significantly. Scientists can now isolate, culture, and regenerate hair follicles using stem cells and inductive signals for therapeutic applications.

Keywords:

folliculoneogenesis hair follicle hair restoration organ bioengineering organogenesis

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Isolation and Culture of Adult Epithelial Stem Cells from Human Skin

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Targeted Expression of GFP in the Hair Follicle Using Ex Vivo Viral Transduction

Targeted Expression of GFP in the Hair Follicle Using Ex Vivo Viral Transduction

Published on: March 17, 2008

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

Published on: February 28, 2013

Isolation and Culture of Adult Epithelial Stem Cells from Human Skin

Isolation and Culture of Adult Epithelial Stem Cells from Human Skin

Published on: March 31, 2011

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Regenerative medicine
Dermatology

Background:

Hair follicles develop from embryonic epidermis via epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Follicles cycle, exhibiting regenerative properties essential for hair shaft renewal.
Early hair transplantation demonstrated follicle functionality in foreign sites.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evolution of hair follicle engineering.
To highlight key discoveries enabling regenerative approaches.
To establish the foundation for in vivo follicle formation.

Main Methods:

Review of historical research and clinical observations in hair follicle transplantation.
Identification of the role of the follicular papilla in inducing hair growth.
Characterization of epithelial stem cells within hair follicles and their response to inductive signals.

Main Results:

The follicular papilla possesses hair follicle-inducing properties.
Hair follicles contain epithelial stem cells responsive to inductive signals.
These discoveries enable isolation and expansion of hair-forming cells.

Conclusions:

Understanding hair follicle development and regeneration is crucial for therapeutic advancements.
The isolation, culture, and in vivo reformation of hair follicles are now feasible.
This research paves the way for novel regenerative strategies for hair loss.