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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture
13:08

Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

Published on: January 3, 2013

Reprogramming cell fates in the mammary microenvironment.

Corinne A Boulanger1, Gilbert H Smith

  • 1Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|March 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Mammary stem cells maintain their potency throughout life, even after multiple pregnancies. Disrupting their tissue niche reduces their regenerative capacity, but non-mammary cells can be reprogrammed to support mammary stem cell function.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Mammary stem cells (MaSCs) are crucial for mammary gland development and regeneration.
  • Understanding MaSC behavior is vital for addressing aging-related decline and diseases like breast cancer.
  • The influence of aging and reproductive history on MaSC potency is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term potency and stability of mammary stem cells.
  • To determine the impact of aging and reproductive cycles on mammary stem cell function.
  • To explore the role of the stem cell niche and cellular reprogramming in mammary gland regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Murine mammary gland transplantation assays.
  • Serial transplantation experiments to assess serial stem cell potency.
  • Analysis of mammary epithelial cell behavior in vivo and in vitro.
  • Investigation of stem cell niche dynamics and cellular reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Mammary stem cell potency remains unaffected by donor age or reproductive history.
  • Serial transplantation does not lead to a loss of mammary stem cell potency.
  • Disruption of the stem cell niche reduces the regenerative capacity of dispersed mammary epithelial cells.
  • Non-mammary cells can be sequestered and reprogrammed to support mammary stem cell functions within reformed niches.

Conclusions:

  • Mammary stem cells possess remarkable long-term stability and self-renewal capacity throughout an animal's lifespan.
  • The mammary stem cell niche is critical for maintaining stem cell potency and protecting against aging-related decline.
  • Cellular plasticity and niche reformation offer potential therapeutic avenues for mammary gland regeneration and disease treatment.