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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

Overview
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
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Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production
07:06

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Published on: November 22, 2013

Trophic macrophages in development and disease.

Jeffrey W Pollard1

  • 1Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Center for the Study of Reproductive Biology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Chanin 607, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. pollard@aecom.yu.edu

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|March 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Macrophages, specialized immune cells, are crucial for tissue development and function across species. Their roles in development can be hijacked in disease, promoting conditions like tumor progression and metastasis.

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Published on: August 2, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Specialized phagocytes, including macrophages, have evolved from primitive multicellular organisms.
  • Their functions in homeostasis and self/non-self discrimination have advanced with organismal complexity.
  • Macrophages play critical, yet often overlooked, roles in tissue development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of macrophages in tissue development.
  • To explore how these developmental functions can contribute to disease pathology.
  • To highlight the impact of macrophages on tumor progression and metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on macrophage functions.
  • It examines evidence from various model organisms and disease contexts.
  • The review analyzes the impact of macrophage depletion on tissue formation and function.

Main Results:

  • Macrophages are essential for branching morphogenesis, neuronal patterning, angiogenesis, bone morphogenesis, and adipose tissue generation.
  • Macrophage depletion demonstrably impairs tissue formation and function.
  • The aberrant activation of developmental macrophage functions exacerbates several diseases, including cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Macrophages are indispensable orchestrators of tissue development.
  • Dysregulated macrophage developmental roles can drive disease progression.
  • Targeting these functions may offer novel therapeutic strategies for diseases like cancer.