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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

The Menstrual Cycle

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Published on: March 17, 2016

A common pathway toward women's health.

K S Chibber¹, R L Kaplan, N S Padian

¹University of California, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.

Global Public Health

|March 17, 2009

Summary

This study proposes a new approach to women's health research, focusing on shared risk exposures to address multiple conditions. This holistic strategy aims to improve interventions for conditions like STIs, HIV, blindness, depression, eating disorders, and tobacco use.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Published on: March 17, 2016

Area of Science:

Public Health
Women's Health Research
Epidemiology

Background:

Traditional approaches to women's health often use disease-specific, compartmentalized methods.
This compartmentalization overlooks common risk factors underlying multiple adverse health outcomes.
A comprehensive understanding of women's health requires considering broader social, economic, and political contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

To advocate for an alternative approach in studying the aetiology of women's health conditions.
To highlight the benefits of focusing on risk exposures for identifying common pathways to multiple diseases.
To illustrate this approach through a global literature review on gender inequity-related exposures and women's health.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive review of global literature was conducted.
The review focused on associations between gender inequity-related exposures and specific women's health conditions and behaviors.
Identified conditions included sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), blindness, depression, eating disorders, and tobacco use.

Main Results:

Gender inequity-related exposures are linked to a range of adverse health outcomes in women.
Women's health is intrinsically connected to their social, economic, and political environments.
A single risk factor can contribute to multiple health conditions, demonstrating the interconnectedness of women's health issues.

Conclusions:

An exposure-focused approach can identify common risk factors and pathways, leading to more effective, multi-disease interventions.
Effective promotion of women's health requires addressing gender inequity and its constraints.
Interventions should be comprehensive, including gender-sensitization and flexible healthcare delivery mechanisms tailored to women's lived experiences.