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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
Published on: October 10, 2020
Trend of the carrying angle during flexion-extension of the elbow joint: a pilot study
Maria L Zampagni1, Daniela Casino, Stefano Zaffagnini
1Biomechanics Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
Abstract:
This study evaluated the variability of the carrying angle during flexion-extension of the elbow and defined a description of the movement applicable in sport and rehabilitation.The arm and forearm of 7 healthy volunteers were marked and the coordinates were acquired during motion using 6 infrared cameras. Five repeated measures were performed for each volunteer to verify the reliability.Our results demonstrated that this movement can be easily modeled as a linear variation of the carrying angle in function of the flexion angle.The reliability between repeated measures was high and adopting a linear fit the accuracy was >94%.
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