Current treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review

Area of Science:

• Dermatology
• Infectious Diseases
• Parasitology

Background:

• Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most prevalent form of leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted via sand fly bites.
• Approximately 20 Leishmania species cause this skin infection, with some species like Leishmania tropica associated with urban environments and others like Leishmania major with zoonotic reservoirs.
• While often self-limiting, cutaneous leishmaniasis can lead to significant scarring and progression to more severe mucocutaneous disease.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and discuss the evidence for optimal treatment strategies for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
• To present and evaluate systemic and topical drugs used for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
• To detail the application, usage, and adverse effects of various therapeutic options.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing evidence on cutaneous leishmaniasis treatments.
• Discussion of drug applications, usage guidelines, and known adverse effects.
• Categorization of treatments into systemic and topical modalities.

Main Results:

• The evidence base for optimal treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is currently limited.
• Treatment is often considered to prevent cosmetic disfigurement (scarring) and the potential spread to mucocutaneous forms.
• Various drugs for both systemic and topical administration are available, each with specific profiles.

Conclusions:

• Despite being frequently self-limiting, intervention for cutaneous leishmaniasis is warranted to mitigate long-term sequelae.
• A comprehensive understanding of drug efficacy, application, and side effects is crucial for effective management.
• Further research is needed to establish clearer treatment guidelines for cutaneous leishmaniasis.