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Related Concept Videos

Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Pyloric Obstruction01:11

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
05:50

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

Published on: March 12, 2020

Massive chylothorax in small babies.

Katherine Cleveland1, Diane Zook, Kayla Harvey

  • 1Mary Bridge/Swedish Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Program, Mary Bridge Children's Health Center, PO Box 5299, M/S 311-1-CTS, Tacoma, WA 98415, USA.

Journal of Pediatric Surgery
|March 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Surgery is effective for massive chylothorax in premature infants. Infants with high-output chylothorax (>50 mL/kg/day) unresponsive to medical therapy may benefit from surgical intervention.

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International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal surgery
  • Pediatric thoracic surgery
  • Neonatal critical care

Background:

  • Chylothorax is a significant concern in neonates, particularly premature infants.
  • Management strategies for high-output or massive chylothorax vary, leading to diverse clinical approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review institutional experience with surgical intervention for neonatal chylothorax.
  • To refine management strategies for high-output or massive chylothorax in small and premature infants.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of neonatal patients diagnosed with chylothorax between June 2000 and April 2008.
  • Comparison of outcomes between conservative management and surgical intervention for massive chylothorax.

Main Results:

  • 23 patients were analyzed; 17 treated conservatively, 6 surgically for massive chylothorax (>50 mL/kg/day).
  • Surgical interventions included thoracic duct ligation, mechanical pleurodesis, and fibrin glue.
  • Survival was higher in the surgically treated group (83%) versus the conservatively treated group (59%).
  • Median chest tube drainage duration was significantly shorter in the surgical group (5 days) compared to the conservative group (14 days).

Conclusions:

  • Surgical intervention plays a definitive role in managing massive chylothorax in neonates.
  • Massive chylothorax (>50 mL/kg/day) unresponsive to 3 days of maximal medical therapy may warrant surgical consideration.