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Related Concept Videos

Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
10:59

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage

Published on: August 21, 2021

Sequence context-specific mutagenesis and base excision repair.

Katherine A Donigan1, Joann B Sweasy

  • 1Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.

Molecular Carcinogenesis
|March 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Base excision repair (BER) maintains genome stability by fixing DNA damage. Variants of BER enzymes show altered sequence preferences, potentially conferring advantages in specific environments.

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Published on: March 31, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • DNA Repair Mechanisms

Background:

  • Base excision repair (BER) is a crucial pathway for maintaining genome stability.
  • BER addresses approximately 20,000 endogenous DNA lesions per cell daily.
  • Enzymes in the BER pathway display sequence context-dependent activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the sequence context dependencies of ancestral and variant BER proteins.
  • To explore how sequence context preferences of BER proteins are altered in germ line and tumor variants.
  • To hypothesize the potential selective advantages conferred by altered BER protein preferences.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on BER pathway enzymes.
  • Analysis of sequence context dependencies for ancestral and variant BER proteins.
  • Comparative analysis of BER enzyme behavior in different sequence contexts.

Main Results:

  • BER enzymes exhibit sequence context-dependent excision and DNA synthesis.
  • Germ line and tumor-associated BER variants show distinct sequence context preferences compared to ancestral forms.
  • Altered sequence context preferences in BER proteins are emerging as a significant area of research.

Conclusions:

  • Sequence context plays a critical role in the efficiency and fidelity of base excision repair.
  • Variant BER proteins with altered sequence preferences may arise and offer selective advantages.
  • Understanding these alterations is key to comprehending genome stability and cancer development.