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Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - the main site of photochemical reactions as well as in the antenna complex. Under average light conditions, the rate at which reaction center pigments absorb light is far below the electron transport chain's capacity. As a result, the reaction center alone cannot provide enough energy to drive photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency can...
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
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Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

Published on: September 12, 2014

Towards an integrated chemical circuit.

Detlev Belder1

  • 1Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. belder@uni-leipzig.de

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|March 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Recent microfluidics advances integrate droplet and continuous-flow systems. This breakthrough enables complex "laboratories on chips" for streamlined synthesis and analysis.

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microfluidics technology is advancing rapidly.
  • Integrating different microfluidic systems presents challenges.
  • The development of 'laboratories on chips' is a key goal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the integration of droplet microfluidics with continuous-flow systems.
  • To demonstrate the potential for creating complex synthesis and analysis platforms on a chip.
  • To showcase a building-block approach for integrated lab-on-a-chip systems.

Main Methods:

  • Combining droplet microfluidics with continuous-flow systems.
  • Utilizing a building-block principle for system integration.
  • Developing integrated multistep reaction, purification, and analysis processes.

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Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication

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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
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Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

Published on: September 12, 2014

Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication
16:38

Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication

Published on: June 6, 2012

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
06:34

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Main Results:

  • Successfully integrated droplet microfluidics with continuous-flow systems.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of a building-block approach for chip-based laboratories.
  • Showcased potential for complex multistep synthesis and analysis on a single chip.

Conclusions:

  • The integration of droplet and continuous-flow microfluidics is a significant advancement.
  • This integration paves the way for sophisticated, miniaturized laboratories on chips.
  • The building-block principle offers a modular and versatile strategy for lab-on-a-chip development.