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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

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Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
10:00

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Published on: March 24, 2015

Interferons and viral infections.

Volker Fensterl1, Ganes C Sen

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.

Biofactors (Oxford, England)
|March 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interferons are crucial cytokines for innate immunity against viruses. These proteins stimulate antiviral gene expression and have therapeutic applications for diseases like hepatitis and cancer.

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High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
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Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-α
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Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-α

Published on: June 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Interferons (IFNs) are vital cytokines in the innate immune response to viral infections.
  • They function as secreted ligands, activating cell surface receptors to induce interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs).
  • ISGs encode proteins with broad biological activities, including antiviral, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted roles of interferons in viral defense.
  • To highlight the diverse expression patterns and induction mechanisms of different interferon types.
  • To underscore the evolutionary battle between viruses and the interferon system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on interferon biology and antiviral mechanisms.
  • Analysis of interferon signaling pathways and gene induction.
  • Examination of viral strategies to evade interferon responses.

Main Results:

  • Type I and III IFNs are broadly induced by viral nucleic acids in most cells.
  • Type II IFN is induced by cytokines like IL-12 and primarily expressed in immune cells (T cells, NK cells).
  • Viruses encode numerous inhibitors to counteract IFN induction and action, enabling persistent infections.

Conclusions:

  • The interferon system is a cornerstone of antiviral immunity, essential for host defense.
  • Understanding interferon pathways is critical for developing effective antiviral therapies.
  • Therapeutic applications of interferons are established for viral diseases, cancers, and autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis.