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Related Concept Videos

Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

Nervous Tissue: Myelin

The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
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Action Potential01:14

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Stress01:20

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When a force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation. In order to restore the body to its original shape and/or size, an opposite or restoring force is generated within the body. This restoring force is equal to the magnitude of the applied force, but acts in the opposite direction. The amount of this restoring force developed per unit area of the body is called stress. Stress is a tensor quantity and has the SI unit pascal. Stress can be separated into four broad categories depending...
Action Potentials01:41

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Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures
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Published on: March 20, 2019

Myelin under stress.

Maurizio D'Antonio1, M Laura Feltri, Lawrence Wrabetz

  • 1San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milan, Italy.

Journal of Neuroscience Research
|March 31, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are crucial for cell survival. This review highlights their significant role in myelin disorders, impacting both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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Published on: January 13, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is vital for cellular function.
  • Misfolded proteins trigger cellular stress responses, including the unfolded protein response (UPR).
  • Myelinogenesis requires substantial protein and lipid synthesis, making myelinating cells vulnerable to ER stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of ER stress in the pathogenesis of myelin disorders.
  • To connect protein quality control mechanisms with neurological diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating ER stress and myelin disorders.
  • Discussion of evidence linking ER stress, proteasome, and autophagy pathways to disease mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • ER stress and UPR are implicated in various myelin disorders.
  • Dysfunctional protein degradation pathways (proteasome, autophagy) contribute to disease.
  • Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, vanishing white matter disease, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies show links to ER stress.

Conclusions:

  • ER stress plays a significant role in the development and progression of myelin disorders.
  • Targeting ER stress pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases affecting myelin.