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Related Concept Videos

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process01:05

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process

In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...
Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications01:30

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
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Principles Of Column Chromatography01:13

Principles Of Column Chromatography

The chromatography technique was first invented in 1901 by Michael S. Tswett, a Russian botanist, to separate plant pigments using organic solvents. Further, in 1941, Archer John Porter Martin and R. L. M. Synge modified the technique by packing silica gel into a column. A mixture of amino acids was then separated on the packed column using chloroform and water mixture as the mobile phase. This was the first report on column chromatography. At present, column chromatography is a widely used...
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
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Electrophoresis: Overview

Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical separation technique that relies on the differential migration of charged species when subjected to an electric field. The core strength of electrophoresis lies in its ability to separate high-molecular-weight species in complex mixtures. It has found widespread use in biochemistry, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry, allowing the separation of compounds like amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and proteins with excellent resolution.
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High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Screening of complex natural extracts by countercurrent chromatography using a parallel protocol.

Yanbin Lu1, Alain Berthod, Ruilin Hu

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, China.

Analytical Chemistry
|April 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A new Arizona (AZ) liquid system streamlines countercurrent chromatography (CCC) solvent selection, enabling rapid fractionation of natural product extracts. This method quickly identifies compounds with antioxidant activity, accelerating natural product research.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Chromatography

Background:

  • Selecting appropriate liquid systems for countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is crucial but often time-consuming due to the interdependence of mobile and stationary phases.
  • Traditional methods require extensive solvent screening, hindering the rapid analysis of complex natural product mixtures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid and efficient protocol for selecting the optimal liquid system in CCC for natural product fractionation.
  • To demonstrate the application of this protocol in identifying and isolating bioactive compounds from natural extracts.

Main Methods:

  • A quaternary liquid system, the Arizona (AZ) system, was developed with a continuous polarity gradient (heptane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water).
  • An elution-extrusion method was employed with a multi-coil CCC system to rapidly screen multiple AZ compositions in parallel.
  • Selected fractions were analyzed using LC-UV/MS, NMR, and bioassays to identify and characterize bioactive compounds.

Main Results:

  • The AZ system allowed for rapid identification of optimal solvent compositions within half a day using minimal solvent volumes.
  • Two natural extracts (Piper longum L. and Polygonum cuspidatum) were successfully fractionated into multiple portions using specific AZ compositions.
  • Four fractions from Polygonum cuspidatum exhibited significant antioxidant activity and were further purified and identified.

Conclusions:

  • The developed rapid CCC screening protocol significantly accelerates the identification and isolation of bioactive compounds from natural products.
  • The AZ liquid system and parallel screening approach offer an efficient strategy for optimizing CCC separations.
  • This method facilitates the rapid characterization and bioactivity assessment of natural product constituents.