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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

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Published on: August 25, 2014

[Correlation between olfactory dysfunction and various clinical parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis].

Jelena Kostić1, Elka Stefanova, Tatjana Pekmezović

  • 1Klinicki centar Srbije, Institut za neurologiju, Beograd, Srbija.

Vojnosanitetski Pregled
|April 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory dysfunction, affecting 43% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, is common. This smell impairment correlates with cognitive deficits in MS patients, highlighting its clinical relevance.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Sensory Neuroscience

Context:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic CNS inflammatory disease.
  • Cognitive disorders are frequent in MS.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is often overlooked in MS clinical practice.

Purpose:

  • To determine the frequency of olfactory dysfunction in MS patients.
  • To investigate the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and clinical parameters in MS.

Summary:

  • Olfactory dysfunction was identified in 43% of MS patients compared to 11% of controls.
  • A positive correlation was observed between olfactory function (PST scores) and verbal fluency (WLG scores).
  • MS patients exhibited decreased performance in cognitive tests: PASAT 3" (28%), SDMT (51%), and WLG (90%).

Impact:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a frequent issue in the MS population studied.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is linked to cognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis patients.
  • Highlights the need to consider olfactory assessment in MS management.